> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://laboratory-of-lipid-metabolism-a.gitbook.io/omics-data-visualization-in-r-and-python/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://laboratory-of-lipid-metabolism-a.gitbook.io/omics-data-visualization-in-r-and-python/metabolites-and-lipids-univariate-statistics-in-r/graphical-representation-of-univariate-statistics.md).

# Graphical representation of univariate statistics

Statistical significance from hypothesis testing is frequently presented as annotations above bar charts, box plots, dot plots, etc. This can be simply a numeric p-value, or asterisks corresponding to the p-value ranges. Except for this, volcano plots or lipid maps can be prepared that also present the results of statistical tests. Here, we will show you how to add such annotations to descriptive statistics charts and prepare a volcano plot or a lipid map.